Genetic study suggests power was inherited among ancient Saka nomads in Kazakhstan

Genetic analysis of ancient Saka nomads, who inhabited the Eurasian Steppe around 2,500 years ago, provides compelling evidence for the existence of inherited power structures within their society. These nomads, closely related to the more widely known Scythians and living in what is now Kazakhstan, appear to have maintained power within the same families for generations.

Archaeologists have long studied the Saka and Scythians, recognizing their shared linguistic roots in Iranian languages and their nomadic lifestyle adapted to the steppe environment. Both groups were skilled artisans, particularly in metalwork, with many gold objects found in burial mounds, known as kurgans, often decorated in a distinctive "animal style." While many of these burial sites have been plundered, the rich grave goods, including animal remains and elaborate horse tack, indicate a society with significant social stratification.

New research published in "Science Advances" by Ayshin Ghalichi of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and colleagues focused on genetic data from Saka burials. Their findings indicate close kinship ties among individuals identified as elite, suggesting that high social status was passed down through families, potentially including women. This genetic evidence offers a new layer of understanding to the social organization of these ancient steppe dwellers, moving beyond purely archaeological interpretations.

The Saka were geographically distinct from the Scythians, primarily residing in eastern Kazakhstan and extending into Central Asian territories, while the Scythians were located further west in modern-day Ukraine and southern Russia. Despite these geographical differences, their cultural and genetic connections highlight a broader ancient steppe civilization.