This week in Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea is actively engaged in disaster recovery following Cyclone Maila, which left a trail of death and destruction, with relief efforts scaling up in affected areas like Bougainville. Concurrently, Prime Minister James Marape launched a K14.6 million infrastructure project in Nakanai District, while a parliamentary inquiry is advocating for urgent media reforms, including the potential replacement of colonial-era press laws. Positive developments include a reconciliation among Bougainville resource owners after a nine-year dispute, clearing the path for exploration.
About Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea, a nation of extraordinary linguistic and cultural diversity, boasts a rich tapestry of indigenous traditions and abundant natural resources, from dense rainforests to active volcanoes. Its challenging mountainous geography and dispersed population significantly shape daily life and news dissemination. The country maintains a small but independent media market, where journalists often face logistical hurdles in covering this geographically fragmented nation.
Visiting Papua New Guinea
Media landscape
Papua New Guinea has a partly-free press environment, characterized by a small but independent media market. Journalists navigate significant logistical challenges due to the country's dispersed geography.
Be aware that news coverage can be impacted by the country's diverse languages and challenging terrain, which may limit the reach of some outlets.
Tribal foundation aids displaced sorcery violence survivors
- Fifteen displaced survivors of sorcery violence, including children, received aid from the PNG Tribal Foundation in the nation's capital this week. - A 29-year-old mother and her six children, the y…
USGS links PNG geoscience to US universities, flags workforce crunch in mining, energy
- The U.S. Geological Survey is supporting Papua New Guinea's efforts to train geoscientists and mining engineers. - A senior USGS official warned of a global workforce shortage in these fields. - PNG…
US geological survey eyes PNG copper and geothermal potential for strategic partnership
- The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is interested in Papua New Guinea's copper and geothermal potential. - USGS is currently mapping offshore mineral resources in the Pacific and is open to a partners…
SSY students meet leaders during parliament visit
- Fourteen high-achieving students from Sinesine-Yongomugl (SSY) District visited Papua New Guinea's National Parliament. - The visit provided students with firsthand exposure to the country's legisla…
Pundari warns against political grandstanding on gun amnesty awareness campaigns
- Papua New Guinea's Police Minister, Sir John Pundari, urged politicians and leaders to avoid using the National Gun Amnesty Program for political gain. - Pundari cautioned against using the program …
Going to America: A First-Timer in the US Capital
- The author, from Papua New Guinea, describes her first trip to Washington D.C. as overwhelming and surreal. - She visited iconic landmarks including the White House, the U.S. Capitol Building, and t…
Sustainability Now Integral to Business, Not Separate Department
- Sustainability is no longer an isolated department but is integrated across business operations, according to corporate leaders. - Companies like CCU Argentina and Arcos Dorados are implementing ini…
Wafi-Golpu Talks in Final Stage as Newmont Eyes $4.5B Build, 40-Year PNG Future
- Papua New Guinea is nearing a deal with Newmont for the Wafi-Golpu mine, a project valued at $4.5 billion. - The agreement will trigger a Special Mining Lease and outline a 40-year development plan …
Morobe wants revenue benefits from fisheries
- The Morobe Provincial Executive Council has urged the newly appointed Morobe Fisheries Management Authority Board to address long-standing issues. - The board, comprising nine members, is chaired by…
Aita Puspa Landowners Unite Behind BMI, Reject New Mining Investor
- Landowners in Aita Puspa, Central Bougainville, have united behind Bougainville Minerals Investment Limited (BMI) as their sole partner for mineral exploration. - Paramount chief Peter Sivo stated t…
Prime Minister’s Corporate Golf Challenge Lae raises K87,000 for Team PNG
- The Papua New Guinea Olympic Committee hosted a corporate golf challenge in Lae, raising K87,000. - Funds will support Team PNG at the 2026 Commonwealth and Youth Olympic Games. - The event, support…
Chimbu Police shut Kenagi checkpoint along Kundiawa-Goroka Highway
- Chimbu Provincial Police have shut down the Kenagi pig checkpoint on the Kundiawa-Goroka highway. - The closure followed numerous complaints from travelers regarding delays and disruptions. - The Na…
Papua New Guinea university pleads for urgent government aid amid severe crime wave
- The University of Technology in Lae is experiencing a severe crime wave, according to its Vice-Chancellor. - University officials are pleading for urgent government support to address the deteriorat…
New report outlines Bougainville’s future funding and service delivery
The ABG Department of Treasury and Finance has launched a new report detailing the costs of running the regional government and public services in Bougainville. The report aims to map out the true fi…
K265,000 multi-purpose hall boosts education in remote Bougainville community built by NGIP Agmark.
- NGIP Agmark Limited has inaugurated a new K265,770 multi-purpose school hall at Konkopine Primary School in a remote Bougainville community. - The facility, completed in early 2024, aims to signific…
Bougainville Needs K1.3 Billion Annually for Independence, Minister Reveals
- The Autonomous Bougainville Government (ABG) requires an annual budget of K1.3 billion (approximately $350,000 USD) to manage its government functions. - This financial need is highlighted as Bougai…
Frieda River Limited (FRL) refutes Barge use claims on the Sepik River
- Frieda River Limited (FRL) has denied using barges on the Sepik River since 2017. - The company's Project Director Phil McCormack stated that current barge operations mentioned in a recent article d…
Western allies must subsidise resource projects to break China’s Monopoly, say economists
- Economists urge Western allies to subsidize resource projects to counter China's dominance in battery and metal refining. - China currently controls 70% to 90% of these critical sectors. - Subsidiza…
Tsiamalili Urges Long-Term Vision for Papua New Guinea's Development
- Papua New Guinea's Minister for Works and Highways, Peter Tsiamalili Jr., urged citizens to adopt a long-term development vision. - He emphasized the need for quality infrastructure, responsible inv…
Southern Highlands Health Authority Chief Urges Discipline and Good Governance
- The Chairman of the Southern Highlands Provincial Health Authority, Augustine Mano, stressed the need for discipline and good governance. - Mano stated that these qualities are essential for achievi…
Western Allies Should Subsidize Resource Projects to Break China's Monopoly, Says Economist
- Western allies must subsidize resource projects to counter China's dominance in critical mineral sectors, according to an economist. - China controls 70% to 90% of battery and metal refining, posing…
Messi Claims World Cup Scoring Record
- Lionel Messi has become the all-time leading scorer in World Cup history, surpassing Miroslav Klose's record. - Messi achieved this milestone by scoring a brace in a recent match, despite an earlier…
106-Year-Old Keapara Matriarch Shares Secret to Long, Blessed Life: Faith and Family Peace
- Va’ona Laha, believed to be the oldest woman in Keapara village at 106 years old, shared her secrets to a long life. - She attributes her longevity to her unwavering faith in God and a life lived wi…
Bougainville sets 2027 Self-Government, 2030 Independence Target
- Bougainville leaders have agreed on a roadmap for self-government and independence, targeting self-rule by September 2027 and independence by 2030 or 2032. - President Ishmael Toroama is set to offi…
Descendant returns to celebrate missionary Rev. Lawes’ legacy in Papua New Guinea
- Anthony William George Lawes, a seventh-generation descendant of missionary William George Lawes, visited Port Moresby to celebrate his ancestor's legacy. - William George Lawes arrived in Papua New…
Air Niugini continues support for Operation Open Heart program
- Air Niugini continues its partnership with the Operation Open Heart Foundation (OOHF), supporting life-saving heart surgeries for children. - Eight children from across Papua New Guinea have success…
Drilling begins on deepwater oil and gas exploration well in Papua New Guinea
- Drilling has begun on the Mailu-1 Deepwater Exploration Well, located 60 kilometers off the Papua New Guinea coast. - The project, a significant milestone for the nation's petroleum sector, is a col…
US scientist offers PNG new tech to find copper, nickel faster using fine soil particles
- A U.S. geochemist has proposed a new technology to Papua New Guinea for faster discovery of copper and nickel deposits. - The method analyzes microscopic soil particles, offering a more modern appro…
Mines professor backs US-PNG student exchanges to boost critical minerals expertise
- A Colorado School of Mines professor suggests university exchange programs between the US and Papua New Guinea. - These programs would train geochemists and metallurgists for the critical minerals s…
US can share mineral tracing tech with PNG to meet ‘clean minerals’ security demand
- The United States can share advanced geochemical technology with Papua New Guinea (PNG) to verify its minerals are 'clean' and traceable. - This technology allows PNG to avoid relying solely on US l…
Papua New Guinea mine tailings could be source of critical minerals, but economics pose hurdle
- Mine waste in Papua New Guinea could contain valuable copper, nickel, and battery metals, according to a US professor. - Commercial recovery faces significant challenges related to the scale of oper…
PNG leaders' travel habits questioned amid AI and volcanic activity news
- PNG leaders are criticized for their frequent travel, with concerns that it impacts government efficiency and will worsen with increased national team commitments. - A volcanic eruption in the Bisma…
Maneke reaffirms commitment to education and development during first visit to Mingai
- Francis Maneke, Minister for Oil Palm and Nakanai Open, visited Mingai to reaffirm his commitment to improving education and services. - During his visit, Maneke opened a new classroom and announced…
Southern Highlands Provincial Health Authority recognized for improving healthcare
- The Southern Highlands Provincial Health Authority (SHPHA) in Papua New Guinea is receiving recognition for its healthcare improvements. - SHPHA has been ranked among the top five performing Provinc…
U.S. moves to build climate-resilient, ‘Bankable’ infrastructure in PNG
- The U.S. is incorporating climate-resilience designs into its infrastructure funding for Papua New Guinea. - This initiative aims to ensure projects can withstand future climate shocks like rising s…
Nasfund Brings Superannuation Services to Remote PNG with Mobile Booths
- Nasfund has launched mobile service booths to bring full member services to workplaces and remote communities in Papua New Guinea. - These booths offer on-the-spot ID card production, statement prin…
U.S. counters China’s Pacific influence with high-yield infrastructure ‘long game’
- The U.S. is implementing a long-term infrastructure development strategy in the Pacific to counter China's influence. - The U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) is central to this strategy, foc…
US Funds 'Last-Mile' Infrastructure to Lower Internet Costs in Papua New Guinea
- The United States is funding critical digital infrastructure in Papua New Guinea to reduce high internet costs. - The U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA) is offering grants to local Internet S…
US Ready to Respect Papua New Guinea's Stricter Mining Terms
- The United States is prepared to accept stricter mining terms from Papua New Guinea, including changes to taxes, ownership, and regulations. - This stance acknowledges Papua New Guinea's resource so…
U.S. backs PNG Digital expansion with $30 million Starlink deployment grant
- The U.S. is providing a $30 million grant to deploy Starlink internet services in Papua New Guinea. - This initiative aims to address connectivity challenges and high internet costs in the country. …
Prime Minister Marape Leads Delegation for Historic North Fly Road Launches
- Prime Minister James Marape attended the launch of two significant road projects in the North Fly region of Western Province. - These projects aim to improve land connectivity for remote communities…
Panama President Congratulates Colombia's President-Elect De la Espriella
- Panama's President José Raúl Mulino congratulated Abelardo de la Espriella on his narrow victory in Colombia's presidential election runoff. - Mulino expressed his best wishes for De la Espriella's …
All Is Not Well With Nature: Mass Marine Die-Off Plagues New Ireland Coast
- Dead fish have been appearing off the coast of New Ireland for many weeks, causing concern. - Authorities and scientists suspect a combination of factors, including harmful algal blooms, low oxygen …
PC Online Tidbit
- The article critiques the Department of Health Minister for deflecting issues and accusing staff of theft, while also criticizing media visits to hospitals. - It questions the allocation of millions…
Hunters slump to 11th loss, fans demand action
- The Hunters rugby league team suffered their 11th loss of the 2026 season, falling 16-32 to the Northern Pride. - The defeat has left the Hunters at the bottom of the Hostplus Cup ladder, intensifyi…
Joint Committee Meets for Eco-SHEP PNG Project in East New Britain
- A joint coordinating committee meeting was held for the Eco-SHEP PNG project in East New Britain Province. - The project focuses on capacity development for Sustainable Integrated Farming Systems us…
Gold Smuggling Syndicate Uncovered at Port Moresby International Airport
- Aviation security at Port Moresby International Airport disrupted a sophisticated gold smuggling operation. - A Chinese national, Kui Chen, was intercepted on June 12, 2026, while attempting to boar…
MoU to boost financial inclusion in Wau-Waria
- A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) aims to boost financial inclusion in Wau-Waria, Papua New Guinea. - The agreement focuses on providing locals with access to financial services and the knowledge …
190 Teams Unite for Sir Anthony Siaguru Walk Against Corruption
- 190 teams participated in the 16th annual Sir Anthony Siaguru Walk Against Corruption in Papua New Guinea. - The event successfully raised K208,000 to fund Transparency International PNG's anti-corr…
SB64 ends in delay and division as Pacific now looks to a crowded agenda at COP31
- Climate meetings in Bonn (SB64) concluded with delays and weakened ambition, pushing key decisions to COP31 in Türkiye. - Pacific communities face accelerating climate impacts with little progress o…
CEFI and Honlly Isaac Jokema Foundation Partner for Self-Sufficient Communities in Morobe
- The Centre for Excellence in Financial Inclusion (CEFI) and the Honlly Isaac Jokema Foundation (HIJF) have partnered to deliver financial literacy training in Morobe Province. - This collaboration a…
Cultural Groups Begin Arriving in Ningerum for Sel Kambang Festival
- Cultural groups from the four major tribes of North Fly District are arriving in Ningerum Station for the 5th Sel Kambang Festival. - The festival is scheduled to begin tomorrow. - The event aims to…
Free health program to benefit 3,000 children in Lae
- A free health program is scheduled to take place in Lae, Papua New Guinea, in June 2026. - The initiative aims to provide health services to up to 3,000 children. - The program is a collaborative ef…
AROB Students in Madang Celebrate Bougainville Day
- Students from the Autonomous Region of Bougainville (AROB) studying in Madang celebrated Bougainville Day on June 20. - The event, hosted by students from Divine Word University, Madang Teachers Col…
Nipa-Kutubu health services set for major boost
- Healthcare services in Nipa-Kutubu District are set for a significant improvement following a five-year Service Level Agreement. - The agreement was signed between the Southern Highlands Provincial …
Don’t sell your land, Central Province residents told
- People in the Central Province of Papua New Guinea have been urged not to sell their traditional customary land. - The call was made by Assistant Police Commander Benjamin Turi during a police parad…
Governor Parkop warns of irresponsible health habits
- Governor Powes Parkop warns that poor hygiene, nutrition, and lifestyle choices are increasing health costs and harming family well-being. - He stated that these factors are driving up healthcare ex…
NICTA Invests in Leadership and Governance Training
- NICTA is investing in leadership and governance by sending 22 management team members for professional training. - The training is conducted by the PNG Institute of Directors and aims to strengthen …
NCDPHA successfully hosts ten-year health plan consultation
- The National Capital District Provincial Health Authority (NCDPHA) has developed a ten-year health plan. - The plan aims to improve health services in Port Moresby and the Motu-Koitabu areas. - Furt…
Yangoru-Saussia District provides 416 water tanks to Wakupma and Wingei 1 Villages
- Over 4,000 residents in Wakupma and Wingei 1 Villages will gain access to clean water. - The initiative is part of the Yangoru-Saussia District's ongoing Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WaSH) Progra…
Australia Opens New Women’s Residence at PNGUoT
- A new 100-bed female student residence, the Dame Jean Kekedo Residential Hall, has opened at the Papua New Guinea University of Technology (PNGUoT) in Lae. - The hall aims to provide safe accommodat…
TISA Bank Opens Kavieng Branch, Boosting Presence in New Ireland
- TISA Bank has officially opened a new branch in Kavieng, New Ireland Province. - The opening signifies the bank's commitment to expanding its reach and improving access to banking services in the re…
Women leaders stranded in Port Moresby, appeal to PM over funding crisis
- Women leaders in Papua New Guinea's National Council of Women (NCW) are stranded in Port Moresby due to a funding and administrative crisis. - Elected in April 2025, they left their home provinces t…
PNG Governor Stresses Long-Term Planning for Health and City Growth
- National Capital District Governor Powes Parkop urges leaders to prioritize long-term planning for health services and Port Moresby's future. - He emphasized that health and wellness are fundamental…
Argentina to block 13k people from World Cup due to unpaid child support
- Argentina's government has provided US authorities with a list of approximately 13,000 individuals barred from attending the World Cup. - The list primarily includes individuals with outstanding chi…
Buk bilong Pikinini and Lightspeed PNG Partner to Strengthen Digital Learning for Children Across PNG
- Buk bilong Pikinini (BbP) has partnered with Lightspeed PNG to enhance digital learning for children across Papua New Guinea. - Lightspeed PNG will support improved internet connectivity at BbP's Li…
Projects taking shape in Dei District
- Major road and bridge projects in Dei District, valued at K30 million, are nearing completion. - The Kondopina Culvert has been finished, marking the first project to be completed. - Solar panels ar…
ICAC Engages with Business leaders in Lae to strengthen Integrity and Ethical Business
- The Independent Commission Against Corruption (ICAC) held a Business Breakfast in Lae, Morobe Province. - The event aimed to strengthen integrity, accountability, and good governance at the sub-nati…
“Those blocking climate science are not our friends”: Pacific issues strong warning at Bonn talks
- Pacific Island nations issued a strong warning at UN climate talks in Bonn, condemning countries that seek to weaken climate ambition and sideline scientific evidence. - Fiji's Permanent Secretary f…
Kina Facility Rate (KFR) unchanged at 5.0percent
- The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) kept the Kina Facility Rate (KFR) unchanged at 5.0 percent and the Cash Reserve Requirement (CRR) at 9.0 percent. - The committee also maintained the crawl-like e…
Yawar LLG supports the Bogia police
- The Yawar Local Level Government in Bogia District, Madang Province, donated a new diesel generator to the Bogia district police. - This donation sets a precedent for support from local governments …
Dry Conditions Trigger Water Concerns Across Western Province
- Communities in Western Province, Papua New Guinea, face increasing concerns over access to safe drinking water due to prolonged dry conditions. - Traditional water sources, including rainwater tanks…
Low Fly River Level Threatens Supply Chain to Kiunga and Tabubil
- Falling water levels in the Fly River are disrupting cargo vessel movement to Kiunga and Tabubil. - This disruption is raising concerns about potential shortages of essential goods in Western Provin…
Papua New Guinea Launches Electric Vehicle Pilot Program
- Three Papua New Guinean companies have launched a pilot program to deploy electric vehicles, including cars, trucks, and buses. - The initiative aims to expand the use of electric vehicles to other …
PIFS leans on ASEAN model as it retools for a changing region
- Pacific Islands Forum (PIFS) leaders are redesigning the region's political and security machinery to strengthen unity and manage external pressures. - The 2050 Strategy aims to provide a values-bas…
1,186 people displaced, over 100 homes destroyed in Isivine land dispute
- A land dispute in Isivini, Papua New Guinea, has displaced 1,186 people and destroyed over 100 homes. - The conflict has escalated over 18 months, resulting in one death, two attacks, and several in…
National Kolos Runway 2026 set to launch in September
- Papua New Guinea will host its first National Kolos Runway fashion competition in September. - The event is dedicated to celebrating the country's iconic garment. - This initiative marks a new platf…
Port Moresby city bosses to gain power over liquor laws
- The National Capital District Interim Commission in Papua New Guinea will soon gain the authority to create liquor licensing laws for Port Moresby. - This move is part of national government efforts…
BSP Renews Partnership with Transparency International PNG, Donates to Anti-Corruption Walk
- BSP Financial Group Limited continues its partnership with Transparency International Papua New Guinea (TIPNG). - The bank has donated funds towards TIPNG's upcoming 2026 Sir Anthony Siaguru Walk Ag…
PC Online Tidbits
- Papua New Guinea faces international grey-listing, with potential impacts on financial transactions. - The government's response to the grey-listing has been dismissive, according to reports. - The …
PNG ICT Secretary: 2025 Digital Transformation Summit Was Highly Successful
- The 2025 Digital Transformation Summit (DTS) was deemed highly successful by DICT Secretary Steven Matainaho, attracting over 1,500 unique guests. - The summit featured various sub-events including …
The knowledge remains: An Indigenous officer driving change in Papua New Guinea
- The article is a placeholder, indicating that the full content is behind a paywall. - It mentions a cocoa budding training session in a remote community in East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea. - T…
Ukrainian Drones Hit Moscow Refinery in Overnight Attack
- Ukrainian drones attacked Moscow on the night of June 18, targeting the Moscow Refinery, a key Russian energy infrastructure site. - The attack reportedly caused fires at two fuel tanks, with images…
Bougainville Hosts Pacific Parliamentary Workshop to Strengthen Legislative Excellence
- The Bougainville House of Representatives is hosting a legislative workshop in Buka Town. - Delegations from the Solomon Islands National Parliament and the New South Wales Parliament are attending.…
Panguna Landowners Unanimously Back New Mine Redevelopment Framework
- Landowners and community leaders in Bougainville have unanimously endorsed a new legislative and mining framework for the Panguna mine. - The framework, enacted as the Bougainville Mining (Amendment…
Verified news must survive the AI age, say PNG media chief
- Papua New Guinea's media sector is confronting challenges from social media, misinformation, and artificial intelligence. - Media Council president Neville Choi highlighted the government's initial …
Kiribati minister warns online misinformation distorts Pacific youth’s reality
- Kiribati's minister for women, youth, sport and social affairs warns that digital transformation poses risks for Pacific youth. - Ruth Cross-Kwansing highlights how social media algorithms shape you…
Costly Government
- The Papua New Guinea Electoral Commission has separated the Anglimp and South Waghi areas into two distinct electorates. - This administrative change is expected to incur significant costs for the g…
Vanuatu celebrates historic appointment of Anna Naupa as MSG Director General
- Vanuatu celebrates the historic appointment of Dr. Anna Naupa as the first woman and first ni-Vanuatu to lead the Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG). - The Prime Minister's Office highlighted the appo…
Woman Missionary Called to Serve on Border of East Sepik & Enga Provinces
- Martha Esseo, a single mother, has been called to serve as a missionary in remote villages. - Her mission is located in the Maramuni LLG of Wabag District, an area bordering East Sepik and Enga Prov…
Ear Disease in Morobe
- Rural health teams in Morobe are warning that ear disease is being diagnosed too late. - Many patients are already suffering permanent damage by the time they seek medical help. - The warning highli…
Paita calls for tech shift
- Morobe Governor Rainbo Paita urged Papua New Guinea to shift away from bureaucratic systems. - He called for increased investment in technology and innovation to drive the country's progress. - The …
PNG economic outlook for 2026 shaped by combination of domestic resilience and global uncertainty
- Papua New Guinea's economic outlook for 2026 is influenced by global uncertainty and domestic resilience, including the Middle East conflict and foreign exchange improvements. - Growth is forecast a…
Bougainville Marks 21 Years of Autonomy, Leaders Call for Unity and Women's Empowerment
- Bougainville marked its 21st anniversary of autonomy, celebrating the establishment of the Autonomous Bougainville Government (ABG) in 2005. - Political and community leaders urged continued unity a…
Young designers across PNG invited to shape the future through fashion
- PNG Fashion Week has launched the GENESIS Student Design Competition 2026. - The competition aims to discover and nurture young fashion talent across Papua New Guinea. - It is open to students from …
Spies, security and aid: Christopher Whitcomb’s Anonymous Male
- Australia's intelligence spending is substantial, with $2.2 billion allocated to the National Intelligence Community in 2026-27, rising to $4.6 billion with the Australian Signals Directorate includ…
Messi's Hat-Trick Equals World Cup Goal Record as Argentina Open Title Defense in Style
- Lionel Messi scored a historic hat-trick, equaling the all-time FIFA World Cup goal record. - Argentina began their title defense with a commanding victory over Algeria. - Messi's achievement coinci…
ON THIS DAY IN OUR HISTORY: Court action is underway against the bank
- A civil suit has begun against the Rabaul branch of ANZ Bank Limited over property valued at over K250,000. - This marks the first time a commercial bank in PNG has been sued under Section 41 of the…
PM Marape commends Manus leaders and Provincial Government for response efforts
- Prime Minister James Marape has praised leaders in Manus for their efforts in assessing and supporting communities affected by volcanic pumice. - He acknowledged the work of a minister, disaster res…
PM Marape announces K5 million immediate relief support for Manus volcanic pumice disaster
- Papua New Guinea Prime Minister James Marape announced K5 million in immediate relief support for Manus Province. - The aid follows unusual undersea volcanic activity in the Bismarck Sea that deposi…
