Heat dome over Europe: How hot air becomes a heat dome

Europe is currently experiencing a 'heat dome,' a persistent high-pressure system that traps hot air and intensifies heatwaves. This meteorological phenomenon occurs when the usual weather pattern over the continent is disrupted.

Normally, Europe's weather is dictated by a regular cycle of low and high-pressure systems moving in from the Atlantic, driven by a strong jet stream at high altitudes. However, when this jet stream weakens, it can allow a high-pressure system to shift northward over Europe. This system then becomes self-reinforcing, effectively acting like a lid or dome.

Hot air from regions like North Africa can be drawn into this high-pressure area, further increasing temperatures. The blocked pattern, often described as resembling the Greek letter Omega, prevents the usual progression of cooler low-pressure systems that would typically bring relief. This stagnation leads to prolonged periods of extreme heat across the continent.