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The effectiveness of air power alone in confronting Iran's military capabilities is limited, according to a former Pentagon official. Adam Clements, who previously served as a US defense attaché in Jordan and Yemen, told Al Jazeera that while US campaigns may have disrupted some of Iran's missile and drone capabilities, the country likely reserves some of these assets.

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There are certain limitations of an air campaign only.

Experts suggest that Iran is prepared to launch more long-range missiles at Israel and other Middle Eastern nations, having rapidly accessed its underground missile sites. Satellite imagery reviewed by CNN indicates that Iran has used basic equipment like bulldozers to counter US efforts to block tunnel entrances, demonstrating that its missile capabilities cannot be entirely destroyed by targeting these access points.

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The US campaign probably disrupted some of [Iran’s] missile capabilities, its drone capabilities, but Iran would hide or at least reserve some of these missiles.

"There’s nothing to prevent the launchers from being armed with the ample stockpile of missiles that the Iranians still have," said Sam Lair, a research associate at the James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies. He noted that Iran can continue launching missiles as long as it has launchers and crews, even if production has ceased.

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Even South Asian states or Far East Asian states that haven’t been directly involved are still indirectly involved because of the economic impacts.

The repercussions of the conflict extend beyond the immediate region, with indirect economic impacts affecting South and Far East Asian states. While a tentative agreement to reopen the Strait of Hormuz has been reached, the details are still being negotiated, leaving the potential for renewed hostilities.

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There’s nothing to prevent the launchers from being armed with the ample stockpile of missiles that the Iranians still have.