Vaginal infections: Why they return and how to prevent them

Vaginal infections are common among gynecology patients, particularly younger women, but repeated episodes can affect more than physical health. They can also undermine confidence, daily comfort and quality of life.

Dr. Petar Simić, a specialist in gynecology and obstetrics, said the infections develop when the natural balance of microorganisms in the vagina is disturbed. A healthy vaginal flora is dominated by lactobacilli, or “good” bacteria, which maintain an acidic environment and help prevent harmful microorganisms from developing.

That balance can be affected by menstruation, pregnancy, contraception, stress, weakened immunity, poor or excessive hygiene, antibiotics, unprotected sex and tight or synthetic clothing. When natural protection weakens, bacteria, fungi or parasites can multiply and cause itching, burning, increased discharge or an unpleasant smell.

The three infections most often encountered in practice are candidiasis, bacterial vaginosis and trichomonas infection. Candidiasis, caused by Candida, typically produces itching, burning and thick, whitish discharge. Bacterial vaginosis can cause a fishy smell and grayish discharge, while trichomonas infection is sexually transmitted and may cause increased discharge, odor and irritation.

Recurrence can follow incomplete or unsuitable treatment, including stopping therapy when symptoms disappear. Repeated infections and treatments may further weaken the natural vaginal defenses. A partner can also cause reinfection, especially with sexually transmitted infections, when both partners need treatment at the same time. Hormonal imbalance, aggressive intimate-care products, stress, poor nutrition and insufficient sleep can also increase the risk of recurrence.

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A healthy vaginal flora predominantly contains good bacteria, lactobacilli, which maintain an acidic environment and prevent the development of pathogenic microorganisms.