Why heatwaves hit women harder

Women experience the harsh effects of heatwaves more intensely than men due to a combination of biological and socioeconomic factors, experts explain. The increased vulnerability stems from how women's bodies naturally regulate temperature, which is more sensitive to extreme heat.

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Heatwaves are a 'stress-test' for women's cardiovascular systems, and hit them harder than men.

Biologically, women produce less sweat and begin sweating at a higher temperature, impairing their ability to shed excess heat quickly. Research indicates women also have a higher core body temperature and body fat percentage, acting as an insulating layer. These factors, combined with natural hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle, perimenopause, menopause, pregnancy, and breastfeeding, can make temperature regulation more challenging.

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Women may also be marginally more vulnerable to heatwave-related death than men, though more evidence is needed.

Beyond biology, socioeconomic circumstances play a significant role. Women are often more likely to be lower-paid or the primary caregivers for loved ones, limiting their ability to protect themselves during hot weather. Additionally, women tend to live longer than men, increasing their exposure to age-related health risks, such as dementia, which can further impair their ability to recognize thirst or manage conditions requiring diuretics.

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Women produce less sweat and start sweating at a higher temperature.

Experts are calling for greater awareness of these risks and more targeted efforts to protect women as climate change drives more frequent and intense heatwaves in the UK. Understanding these specific vulnerabilities is crucial for developing effective public health strategies.

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Our levels of oestrogen and progesterone shift most substantially during the menstrual cycle, perimenopause, menopause, pregnancy and while breastfeeding – which can make you less able to regulate your temperature.