Why psychology says single parents are less happy

Single parents are, on average, less happy than parents who live with a partner across most countries examined in a University of Bamberg study. The finding challenges the idea that raising children alone necessarily brings greater happiness than living as a couple.

The research, titled “Happiness and Single Parenthood: A Literature Review Through an Online Findings Archive,” was led by scientist Susanne Elsas. Researchers systematically reviewed 54 scientific publications containing empirical data on single parents’ happiness, drawing on information from 2.5 million volunteers.

The strongest and most consistent result was what the literature calls a “happiness penalty” for single parenthood. Single mothers have received far more research attention than single fathers, but the available evidence showed similar patterns of unhappiness for both groups when compared with partnered parents or the general population.

The review also identified an important qualification: single parents were happier than single people without children. That pattern appeared under particular conditions or in specific places, including Poland and some Nordic regions.

The analysis pointed to recurring psychological and socioeconomic factors linked to single parents’ emotional well-being. Analysts said support from a friend or family member can help when someone feels hopeless, sad or unable to cope. Psychological therapy may also help people develop habits that strengthen their mood. Access to work, kindergartens and childcare was cited as part of the broader discussion of dissatisfaction and stress.