Youth perceptions of Nepal's federalism remain largely unexplored

Nearly a decade after Nepal adopted federalism in 2015, the system's implementation has fallen short of public expectations. This has fueled widespread questioning of its promises and sparked prominent debates over the cost and relevance of provincial governments. Young Nepalis, in particular, have voiced growing dissatisfaction, culminating in the Gen-Z movement. This movement highlighted frustrations with governance, accountability, corruption, unemployment, and the performance of traditional political parties, signaling a demand for better governance and more responsive institutions.

The recent general election, which saw a government secure a near two-thirds majority, underscores a shifting political landscape. Young people's active participation in civic movements and elections indicates a strong desire for political change. However, it also reveals a growing skepticism toward the state, successive governments, and established political actors. While youth activism in Kathmandu has garnered attention, understanding the perspectives of young people across the rest of Nepal regarding the federal system remains largely unexplored.

To address this gap, the article draws on discussions and perceptions from 315 individuals under 40 from all seven provinces. Participants were selected to ensure broad representation across geographical, gender, ethnic, and social lines, covering provincial and local governments, political parties, universities, civil society, and media. By focusing on diverse young citizens rather than political elites, the study offers a rare glimpse into how Nepal's next generation views federalism. Key questions explored include whether provincial governments are seen as too expensive, the level of understanding of the federal system, whether government services have become more accessible, and if federalism has enhanced inclusion and representation.