Heat's unexpected effect on blood pressure explained by cardiologist

Summer heat can impact blood pressure in surprising ways, making caution essential, particularly for those with pre-existing cardiovascular conditions. While diet and physical activity are crucial for heart health, environmental factors like weather also play a significant role.

Dr. Nieca Goldberg, a cardiologist at NYU Langone Health, explains that extended exposure to high temperatures can cause blood vessels to widen to help the body dissipate heat. This dilation, combined with fluid loss from sweating, can lead to a dangerous drop in blood pressure. "The level of change depends on the individual, and factors like body weight and fitness also play a role," Dr. Goldberg notes. Some individuals may experience weakness or dizziness, especially when standing up quickly or after prolonged time outdoors.

Beyond blood pressure fluctuations, heat places an additional burden on the heart, forcing it to work harder to cool the body. This can result in a faster heart rate, even during light activities. "Fluid loss from sweating can reduce blood volume, making it harder for the heart to pump," says Dr. Goldberg. For individuals with heart disease, these changes can manifest as chest discomfort, shortness of breath, or fainting.

Research published in Circulation Research in 2024 highlighted a clear link between heat and increased cardiovascular mortality, with death rates rising by 2.1% for every degree Celsius increase in temperature. Dr. Goldberg advises that individuals with heart conditions, low blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, kidney disease, and older adults should be especially vigilant during heat waves. Older adults are at higher risk because their bodies regulate temperature less effectively and they may struggle to recognize early signs of heat exhaustion. Certain medications, such as diuretics and some blood pressure drugs, can also exacerbate the risk of dehydration or hinder the body's ability to adapt to heat.

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