10 countries that operate without an army, navy, or air force

While most nations maintain military forces, a select group of sovereign states have opted to forgo standing armies, navies, or air forces. These countries ensure their security through a combination of robust police services, coast guards, volunteer units, or defense pacts with larger allied nations.

Costa Rica, for example, abolished its military in 1948 and constitutionally enshrined this decision. Internal security is managed by national police and specialized public forces, with a strong emphasis on diplomacy and international law. Panama disbanded its military in 1990 following a U.S. invasion, now relying on police, border protection, and maritime services.

European nations like Iceland, a NATO member, have no standing army but cooperate with the alliance, while its Coast Guard handles maritime security. Liechtenstein, citing high costs, abolished its army in 1868 and relies on police and Swiss safeguarding. Monaco depends on France for defense under longstanding agreements, while Andorra shares responsibilities with France and Spain. San Marino and Vatican City utilize volunteer corps and rely on Italy for defense, with the Swiss Guard and Gendarmerie handling internal Vatican security.

In the Pacific, Nauru and Tuvalu also lack armed forces. Nauru's law enforcement is handled by its police force, with Australia providing defense assistance. Tuvalu manages policing and maritime surveillance domestically, receiving defense support from Australia and regional partners.