Why Volcanic Ash Remains Dangerous Long After Eruptions

The danger from volcanic ash does not end when an eruption stops. As long as ash remains on roads, rooftops and other surfaces, wind, passing vehicles and cleanup work can lift it back into the air.

Dr. Sukamto Koesnoe, deputy chair of the Indonesian Internal Medicine Specialists Association's central executive board, said the risk can persist for days to weeks, until the ash has been cleared or washed away by rain. He told ANTARA in Jakarta that volcanic ash is not ordinary dust. Its sharp, angular silica particles include PM10 and PM2.5, which can travel deep into the lower respiratory tract and reach the alveoli.

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So the risk persists for days to weeks until the ash is completely cleared or washed away by rain.

The most common respiratory problems include nasal irritation, a dry or sore throat, dry coughing, shortness of breath and chest tightness. In people with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis or allergic rhinitis, inhalation can trigger attacks or worsen existing symptoms. Airway irritation can also weaken local defenses and increase the risk of acute respiratory infections.

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The most common respiratory tract disorders include nasal irritation, a dry and sore throat, a dry cough, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

The effects extend beyond the lungs. Ash can irritate the eyes, cause redness, conjunctivitis and corneal abrasions, while contact with skin can cause itching and dermatitis. Contaminated food or water may cause gastrointestinal problems, and airborne PM2.5 can worsen cardiovascular conditions. Sukamto said silicosis is a long-term risk after years of repeated exposure, but acute effects are the more immediate public concern.

He advised people with chronic lung disease and older adults to keep influenza and pneumococcal vaccinations up to date. Asthma and COPD patients should carry their controller and reliever medicines, and contact-lens users should temporarily switch to glasses because they face a higher risk of eye injury.

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Silicosis is often cited, but that is a long-term risk resulting from years of repeated exposure. What is more relevant to the public right now are these acute impacts.